Infinity Essays - Cardinal Numbers, Infinity, Elementary Mathematics

Endlessness Most everybody knows about the endlessness image, the one that seems as though the number eight tipped over on its side. Boundlessness in some cases manifests in ordinary discourse as a standout type of the word many. However, what number of is endlessly many? How huge is vastness? Does boundlessness truly exist? You can't check to vastness. However we are OK with the possibility that there are limitlessly numerous numbers to tally with; regardless of how huge a number you may concoct, another person can think of a greater one; that number in addition to one, in addition to two, times two, and numerous others. There essentially is no greatest number. You can demonstrate this with a straightforward confirmation by inconsistency. Confirmation: Assume there is a biggest number, n. Consider n+1. n+1*n. Along these lines the announcement is bogus and its inconsistency, ?there is no biggest whole number,? is valid. This hypothesis is substantial dependent on the ?Validity of Proof by Contradiction.? In 1895, a German mathematician by the name of Georg Cantor acquainted a path with depict vastness utilizing number sets. The quantity of components in a set is called its cardinality. For instance, the cardinality of the set {3, 8, 12, 4} is 4. This set is limited since it is conceivable to include the entirety of the components in it. Typically, cardinality has been identified by including the quantity of components in the set, yet Cantor made this a stride farther. Since it is difficult to include the quantity of components in an unending set, Cantor said that an unbounded set has No components; By this meaning of No, No+1=No. He said that a set like this is countable endless, which implies that you can place it into a 1-1 correspondence. A 1-1 correspondence can be found in sets that have a similar cardinality. For instance, {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}has a 1-1 correspondence with {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Sets, for example, these are countable limited, which implies that it is conceivable to include the components in the set. Cantor took the possibility of 1-1 correspondence a stage farther, however. He said that there is a 1-1 correspondence between the arrangement of positive whole numbers and the arrangement of positive even whole numbers. For example {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...n ...} has a 1-1 correspondence with {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...2n ...}. This idea appears to be somewhat off from the start, yet looking at the situation objectively, it bodes well. You can add 1 to any whole number to get the following one, and you can likewise add 2 to any even number to acquire the following even whole number, subsequently they will go on vastly with a 1-1 correspondence. Certain endless sets are not 1-1, however. Lope established that the arrangement of genuine numbers is uncountable, and they along these lines can not be placed into a 1-1 correspondence with the arrangement of positive whole numbers. To demonstrate this, you utilize backhanded thinking. Confirmation: Suppose there were a lot of genuine numbers that resembles as follows first 4.674433548... second 5.000000000... third 723.655884543... fourth 3.547815886... fifth 17.08376433... sixth 0.00000023... etc, were every decimal is thought of as an unbounded decimal. Show that there is a genuine number r that isn't on the rundown. Leave r alone any number whose first decimal spot is not the same as the principal decimal spot in the main number, whose second decimal spot is not quite the same as the second decimal spot in the second number, etc. One such number is r=0.5214211... Since r is a genuine number that contrasts from each number on the rundown, the rundown doesn't contain every single genuine number. Since this contention can be utilized with any rundown of genuine numbers, no rundown can incorporate the entirety of the reals. In this way, the arrangement of every single genuine number is limitless, yet this is an alternate endlessness from No. The letter c is utilized to speak to the cardinality of the reals. C is bigger than No. Vastness is an extremely disputable point in science. A few contentions were made by a man named Zeno, a Greek mathematician who lived around 2300 years back. A lot of Cantor's work attempts to discredit his hypotheses. Zeno stated, ? There is no movement since that which moved must show up at the center of its course before it shows up at the

The education system is meritocratic Essay Example

The training framework is meritocratic Paper The training framework is seen from multiple points of view by various sociologists. When discussing the training framework sociologists are alluding to types of instruction where individuals experience auxiliary socialization which is the relearning of the standards and qualities mastered during essential socialization in the family; it is additionally seen as an operator of social control where kids are educated to comply with social orders desires and they are shown this through the concealed educational program which is exercises which arent part of the national educational program which the administration says are should have been adapted yet are exercises, for example, how to be devoted and who to be submissive to. The arrangement of meritocracy that the ones who do well are compensated and the ones who not do well are not I. e. the individuals who do the best land the best position. The meritocratic perspective on the training framework implies that the framework is reasonable and bolsters all be that as it may, different sociologists dispose of this view as legitimizing an arrangement of imbalance where a few people duty to riches/class show improvement over others. Functionalists accept that the training framework is meritocratic. A meritocracy is the possibility that the individuals who buckle down get rewards this is the view the most focused understudies get the best grades and proceed to land the best positions they accept that it is distinction in social qualities that lead to contrasts in class results which have been seen consistently and were apparent toward the finish of the ongoing scholastic year with youngsters in the most elevated social classes showing improvement over those in the least social classes. We will compose a custom paper test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on The training framework is meritocratic explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Trough this arrangement of meritocracy there is a uniformity of chance which is the place school makes a framework where all individuals can become equivalent regardless of what class, sex or ethnicity everybody has a similar chance to turn into a cop or a specialist. This meritocracy is said to filter and sort point of view understudies into their right situations as a grown-up in the public eye. As per Parsons school is just the extension between the family or essential socialization and section to business. He sees the training framework as a positive arrangement of setting the best understudies at the top both in school and in the long run the work place. This thought is upheld by Davis and Moore (1945) who state that meritocracy is the framework which social organizations (this incorporates school) use to filter and sort its individuals into various situations along these lines they accept that school is meritocratic. They see meritocracy as permitting the standards of definition to occur where people are place and propelled into various positions. Marxists condemn Davis and Moore for having outrageous traditionalist perspectives and being very class based. Functionalists see meritocracy as being apparent in the public eye and they use proof, for example, the ascent of common laborers youngsters in colleges as there has been an ascent of average workers kids in advanced education than in the fifties supporting the possibility of a meritocracy. This view anyway like others faces investigation from Marxists who state the verification that is given isnt as indisputable as would be made out as the development of colleges has to a great extent profited the bourgeoisie as there are increasingly center and high society individuals in colleges. They state that meritocracy is made yes so as to legitimize the framework they see the couple of common laborers kids in colleges as letting a couple through to keep the rest peaceful as it implies individuals acknowledge their situations as though I would have worked more enthusiastically I could have accomplished this. Marxists then because of this reality see the training as out of line and not meritocratic. They do anyway accept that there is a legend of meritocracy which was made up to legitimize the arrangement of injustice in which the bourgeoisie rule and the working class are misused. The fantasy of meritocracy sets up a method of causing the common laborers to acknowledge that they are average workers and will consistently be regular workers this is the place legitimizing comes in they accept that the couple of working people kids that go to college make the remainder of the working people believe that its conceivable however they just didnt make enough of an effort to accomplish the top positions and along these lines as Althusser discusses a submissive and respectful workforce is created in light of the fact that the training arrangement of an industrialist society passes on the conviction through meritocracy that it is reasonable and the poor ought to acknowledge their neediness as its their shortcoming as they didnt make enough of an effort or they played. The legend of meritocracy is spoken about by Bowles and Gintis they said that school allocated understudies into occupations however said this was not a positive idea but rather a negative one which was legitimized by the fantasy of meritocracy where there is a thought that meritocracy exists and this is taken care of through the concealed educational program as youngsters are told through school in the event that you buckle down you can accomplish this yet this doesnt exist its just said to not exclusively to ensure there isn't an uprising against the industrialist framework yet in addition repeat the classes. Marxists condemn functionalists thoughts behind meritocracy for various reasons. Functionalists state that the free instruction framework is confirmation of reasonableness in any case, Marxists differ and talk about the presence of language structure schools (whose understudies are for the most part from the white collar class) and tuition based schools which are additionally extremely working class foundations and government funded schools which are unreasonably costly for anybody outside the privileged and on the grounds that these schools exist and have better subsidizing and more cash they can manage the cost of the best things to assist understudies with progressing admirably. Marxists additionally accept that there are disservices for regular workers kids before they even beginning school this through things, for example, material hardship this is average workers kids cannot bear the cost of things that others can, for example, guides and now and again PCs this implies they have impeded assets so they cant potentially have a similar possibility as others. Additionally Bourdieu however scrutinized for being socially inclination and proposing the regular workers culture is a denied one he gets the point that instructors are white collar class thus schools are center establishments and consequently the average workers cannot fit in just as the white collar class who have social capital do the best which is demonstrated quite a long time after year when GCSE and A-Level outcomes are discharged. They are additionally hindered in the manner that they speak; Labov and Bernstein talk about discourse codes and how these detriment the average workers. Bernstein talked around two various types of discourse codes these are expounded which are spellbinding this is a working class method of talking and what is required in school and confining which is informal and comprises of slang words which make a perspective on an individual not being as brilliant. Labov proceeded to state that we should be mindful so as not to accept a confined discourse code implies that an individual is thick in any case, decisions are made dependent on the manner in which individuals talk; due to these drawbacks the framework can not be meritocratic as meritocracy depends on an arrangement of decency and relies upon individuals being equivalent from the earliest starting point. Interactionalists concur with Labov and Bernstein as they concur that individuals are marked on what they look like and sound so in what manner can their be a meritocracy if individuals are dealt with contrastingly as per parts of their character? The interactionalist approach is for the most part against the possibility of a meritocracy since they accept that educator naming exists and George Herbert Mead talked about emblematic interactionalism where our conduct is to some extent made by the manner in which we are treated by everyone around us; specifically critical others which ar e individuals who have force and control in our lives, for example, guardians, instructors, companions and accomplices. Specifically the job of instructors in training is gotten upon as Jacobson and Rosenthal (1968) found that when a gathering of youngsters came up from elementary school all at a similar level they told educators that some excelled on a test they made which anticipated future virtuoso this was a phony test and they picked arbitrarily who might be the scholarly drawers after a term they returned and found those that were named as scholarly knickers shown improvement over others this demonstrates meritocracy can not exist as instructors mark and can change results so few out of every odd one gets a reasonable possibility as though your named as splendid youll improve and if your not you wont do also. David Gillborn whos look into is to a great extent ethnographic and still proceeds right up 'til the present time said in his book Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy distributed in 2008 that the framework isn't intended to elevate equity yet to keep up the accomplishment hole between the white understudies and those students of ethnic minorities by expressing this he quickly dismisses the possibility of a meritocracy as meritocracy is about individuals having uniformity from the earliest starting point and being decided upon difficult work be that as it may, if individuals are decided upon by ethnicity reasonableness can't exist. Proof for this is Gillborn discovered that there was race marking in the Local instruction Authorities (LEA) who expected an ascent in white understudies achievement of 40 percent however just a 17 percent ascend in that of dark students and on the grounds that interactionalists accept that we are to a great extent molded by everyone around us in the event that dark students are not expected to do also, at that point they won't; this is simply the possibility of a satisfying prediction where a kid in constantly told that they won't progress nicely so they don't progress admirably. Stephan Ball

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading on January 19, 2017

Peek Over Our Shoulders What Rioters Are Reading on January 19, 2017 In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? I’ve included the link that will take you to their author archives (meaning, that magical place that organizes what they’ve written for the site). Gird your loins â€" this list combined with all of those archived posts will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Andi Miller Searching for Sunday: Loving, Leaving, and Finding the Church by Rachel Held Evans: The ultimate memoir for doubting, resistant Christians. If you’re into equality, realness, and actual conversations about hard topics and interested in inviting more Christians to the proverbial table, this is the book. (Audio) The Turner House by Angela Flournoy: Charm and soul and a great narrative voice. I was immediately hooked into this story of the 13 Turner siblings as they figure out what to do with their increasingly dependent mother and their family home. (Ebook) Molly Wetta Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: I read a few stories of this as an advanced copy, but I waited for it to come out in print to read it again in its entirety. (library hardcover) Breathless by Beverly Jenkins: I’m still not finding much in contemporary romance that I like, so I figured I’d try an different historical period and see if I could get into that. This is the second in the Old West series, and features one of my favorite romance plots: childhood friends who meet later as adults. Hannah Engler A Woman Looking at Men Looking At Women by Siri Hustvedt: blowing my mind, but slow going. (Hardcover) Whatever Happened to Interracial Love? Stories By Kathleen Collins: I’m listening to this as I walk around campus in the snow. Yesterday it made me cry twice: once on my way to the gym, and once after I got off the phone with my mom (who I’d called to gush about it). (Audio) The Stranger Beside Me by Ann Rule: I’m obsessed with true crime shows and podcasts, but I’m just getting into true crime books. This one is a classic about a crime reporter who was close friends with Ted Bundy years before he was convicted for his killings. (Audio) Jessica Woodbury   Stay With Me by Ayobami Adebayo: Set in Nigeria, this story of a tumultuous marriage is a fascinating mix of soap opera-worthy twists with serious literary heft. When Yejide still isn’t pregnant after several years of marriage, her husband’s family gets him a new wife. (e-galley) The Sun Is Also a Star by Nicola Yoon: Yes, I know, everyone loves this book but I just barely got to it and it’s clear that I underestimated just how much I was going to love it. (audio) Sarah Nicolas The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives by Shankar Vedantam: I have made an informal commitment to reading more nonfiction this year so this was the start of that (and a great start, at that). (Audiobook) Glass Sword by Victoria Aveyard: Catching up (library audiobook) Once We Were (The Hybrid Chronicles, #2) by Kate Zhang: I really enjoyed the first book in this series, so I downloaded this one, too. (Library audiobook) James Wallace Harris Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly: I loved the movie, but the movie is only a tiny portion of the book. Read the book to get the whole story, it’s worth it. I’m listening to White Trash: The 400-Year Untold Story of Class in America by Nancy Isenberg. Wow! What a history lesson. If you think Trump is scary, wait till you get to the chapter on Andrew Jackson. Jessica Yang If I Was Your Girl by Meredith Russo: I loved the interview with the author and had to check it out! (hardcover) Love is the Drug by Alaya Dawn Johnson: I liked Alaya Dawn Johnsons othe YA book, The Summer Prince, and Ive had this book on my shelf collecting dust for a while. Finally got started on it! (paperback) Liberty Hardy   One Day Well All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter: Essays by Scaachi Koul (Picador, May 2): Picked this up based on the title alone, but the essays I have read so far are also compelling. (galley) The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas (Balzer + Bray, Feb. 28): Plucked from the headlines, this book is really brutal and necessary. (e-galley) The Girl in Green by Derek B. Miller: I can’t resist a book being hailed as the 21st century’s Catch-22. (hardcover) Murder as a Fine Art by David Morrell: Continuing on with my current reading streak of books about Victorian-era murders. Please @ me with all your suggestions, fiction or nonfiction! (paperback) Tasha Brandstatter The Convenient Marriage by Georgette Heyer: It’s narrated by Richard Armitage. Nuff said. (audiobook) Artistic License by Elle Pierson: I can’t resist a book about artists, and this was recommended on the Goodreads page for Act Like It. I didn’t know the author of the two books was actually the same person until after I started reading. (ebook) Jan Rosenberg History Of Wolves by Emily Fredlund:  A very unsettling coming-of-age story. It’s one of the many 2017 debuts that I’ve been excited to read. I’ve got a thing for wolves. Actual wolves, not werewolves. Recommended via the All The Books podcast. E.H. Kern The Rise of Io by Wesley Chu:  After reading Chu’s Tao Trilogy I was convinced that the world of the Quasings and their adventures on Earth had given us everything there was to give. Not so, as The Rise of Io clearly shows. A great read that introduces us to Ella, yet another complex and reluctant hero created by Chu. (Hardcover Special Edition) Katie McLain The Bees by Laline Paull:  This was marketed as The Handmaid’s Tale meets The Hunger Games, but with bees. I’m not seeing much Hunger Games in the story, but the book itself is fascinating. It’s told completely from the perspective of a worker bee as she navigates the caste system and responsibilities of her hive. The language is gorgeous, and I’ve totally bought into this story about bee life. (digital audio) My Sister Rosa by Justine Larbalestier:  A book about a psychologically creepy child? Heck yes. I’m really digging this complex YA novel about an Australian family who moves to New York City, with their two children Che and Rosa. Che is 17 and is responsible for looking after his 10-year-old sister, Rosa, except Rosa is unlike most 10 year old girls. She lies, she manipulates, she hurts people for the fun of it, and everyone, including Che’s parents, has completely fallen for her charm. Everyone except Che, that is. It sounds like it’s one step away from becoming a Law Order episode, but I’m hoping it’ll avoid the melodrama in favor of a nuanced psychological portrait. (Library hardcover) Priya Sridhar Skunks Dance by St. John Karp:  I’m reading an advanced reader’s copy of this. So far I have to admit that burning someone’s car down isn’t the same as tossing a rock through a window, and that a girl is lucky if she can buy a car for four hundred dollars. Two teens hunt for an ancient treasure, while in the past their ancestors carry on a huge feud. (Paperback) I’m Dyin’ Here: A Life in Paper by Tim Groan:  Print journalism is dying, if not already dead. Tim Groban muses on giving several decades to the profession. He has a dry approach to his life, and how it’s measured within the columns. (Paperback) Karina Glaser Salt to the Sea by Ruta Sepetys: I’ve been meaning to read this for months and finally grabbed it off of the library shelves. (Library Hardcover) Midnight Without a Moon by Linda Williams Jackson: This book, based on a true event in Mississippi in 1955, is told from the point of view of eleven-year-old Rose Lee Carter. A terrific read so far, and I can’t wait to finish it. (Hardcover) Born a Crime by Trevor Noah: I’m listening to the audiobook, narrated by Noah himself, and it’s a fantastic memoir of his life growing up in South Africa. (Audiobook) Kristen McQuinn Miranda and Caliban by Jacqueline Carey: This is a gorgeous, atmospheric revision of The Tempest, full of Careys typical rich world building. Its beautiful and heartbreaking and gives readers a back story of Mirandas childhood on the island, growing up with Caliban. (E-galley, Tor, March 2017). Hag Seed by Margaret Atwood: I just started this retelling of The Tempest so I dont know yet how I feel about it. If its like every other Atwood Ive read, Im going to love it. I certainly do so far! Also, one of my friends was actually asked by the Atwood Society to write a review of Hag Seed (holy shit, thats awesome!!) and so I want to read this so I know what she was raving about. Other than the fact that its Margaret Atwood and of course she was raving about it. (Hardback). Steph Auteri   Alexander Hamilton by Ron Chernow: I’m obsessed with the musical. How could I not? (Paperback) A Lowcountry Heart by Pat Conroy: This posthumously published collection of Conroy’s blog posts and speeches was a Christmas gift from my parents. I fell for Conroy’s writing by filching the books from their shelves, so it was a fitting gift. (Paperback) Love Is Love edited by Marc Andreyko. This gorgeous comic anthology was created in the wake of the Orlando Pulse shooting. I learned about it when I started reading feminist comics. I find myself crying every other page. (Paperback) Thomas Maluck How They Croaked: The Awful Ends of the Awfully Famous by Georgia Bragg Kevin O’Malley: I am reading this book for a library trivia program, and it is flush with little-discussed factoids surrounding the lives and especially deaths of 19 historical figures. This book is aimed at a young audience, but I think Bragg’s casual, humorous writing style and O’Malley’s playful illustrations will attract many a morbid curiosity. This book originally came out in 2011, but famous deaths are timeless. (Hardback) Lucas Maxwell George by Alex Gino. I’ve seen several students in the high school I work at reading this and never got a chance to pick it up until recently. George is an elementary school student that was born a boy but knows in her heart that she’s a girl. George has the chance to play Charlotte in the school’s production of Charlotte’s Web. By putting herself forward, she might be exposing more than she wants to. A fast, poignant read that all students should share! Johann Thorsson The Warren by Brian Evenson. Saw this along with the words “smart science fiction horror novella.” I’ve read some of Evenson’s work before so I knew this would be good. And so far it’s everything promised. (eBook) The Nightly Disease by Max Booth III. Reading this because I like Max’s Litreactor columns and was intrigued. So far this is filthy and crazy and great fun. (eBook) The Long Way to a Small Angry Planet by Becky Chambers. This has been mentioned to me so many times by so many people that I just had to. Also a sucker for pretty covers, and this one is certainly that. (paperback) Jamie Canaves Human Acts by Han Kang, Deborah Smith (translation): The Vegetarian was dark and deliciously smart and one of my favorite reads so I’ve been anticipating this novel for a while. So far it’s just as dark as The Vegetarian but instead of weird it’s unique, and even though it’s a devastating subject Kang’s writing is fantastic and the narrators (including Sandra Oh!) are amazing. I’m having a really hard time putting it down. (audiobook) No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts (Ecco, April 4th): I picked this up for the title and have been treated to great writing and characters that I can’t stop thinking about. (egalley) The Astonishing Mistakes of Dahlia Moss by Max Wirestone (Redhook, March 14th): It doesn’t always work out but that doesn’t stop me from needing to read anything with a Veronica Mars comp. (ARC) The Roanoke Girls by Amy Engel (Crown, March 7th): Roanoke girls never last long around here. In the end, we either run or we die,” made me need to read this book. So far the chapters alternate between past and present and I’m 100% invested. (egalley) Sonja Palmer Dreadnought by April Daniels (Diversion, January 24th): This is about Danny Tozer, a transgender teenage girl who becomes a superhero and gets the body she always wanted, while having to battle supervillians. Yes, please! (egalley) History is All You Left Me by Adam Silvera (Soho Teen, January 17th). I LOVED More Happy than Not, so when this came up, I immediately requested it. Silvera’s writing stays with you for a long time. (egalley) Amanda Kay Oaks Difficult Women by Roxane Gay (Crown): I’m reading this book because Roxane Gay. I feel like that’s the only explanation necessary. (egalley). Small Admission by Amy Poeppel (Atria): I’m making my way through all of the egalleys I requested back in 2016, and this one was next on the list. It’s about a young woman who has a breakdown after a breakup (which turns out to be about more than just the breakup), and about the job that helps pull her back into the world. The story is told from multiple perspectives, which makes it an interesting read. (egalley). Aram Mrjoian The Refugees by Viet Thanh Nguyen: This was my most anticipated book of 2017 and it is not disappointing. I am in love with Nguyen’s well-paced and elegant short stories. Despite being bogged down with homework, I haven’t been able to put it down. (ARC) Erin Burba In the Country We Love: A Family Divided by Diane Guerrero: I wasn’t familiar with Diane Guerrero- an actor best known for her roles on Jane the Virgin and Orange is the New Black prior to listening to this. The book caught my eye because of the 2017 Book Riot Reading Challenge Task #5: Read a book by an immigrant or with a central immigration narrative. (audiobook) Commonwealth by Ann Patchett: I’ve been meaning to read this since it came out it’s finally time. I’ve just started, and it’s very entertaining so far. (ebook) Megan Cavitt Black Panther: A Nation Under Our Feet, vol. 1 by Ta-Nehisi Coates (story) and Brian Stelfreeze (art): THIS FINALLY CAME IN AT MY LIBRARY AND I AM CAPSLOCKING EVERYWHERE. (library paperback) The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury: I’m continuing my unintentional trend of buying sci-fi classics for dirt-cheap at garage and library sales. So far this is solidifying my belief that science fiction is the best genre for unflinching examination of society’s flaws. (hardcover) Julia Pistell   Kindred: A Graphic Novel by Damian Duffy (Adapter), Octavia E. Butler (Author), John Jennings (Illustrator). I was chomping at the bit to get my hands on this graphic novel adaptation of the classic Octavia Butler sci-fi novel, and so far, it’s not disappointing. Gotta go get back to the arresting graphics, racing plot, and emotional core that makes this adaptation a single-sitting read. Elizabeth Allen My Grandmother Asked Me to Tell You She’s Sorry by Frederik Backman I am reading this for my local indie bookstore’s monthly book group. This was a slow starter for me, but I found myself continually touched by the innocence of fairy tales and how they so easily reflect the realities of adulthood. (paperback) Inside Scientology by Janet Reitman:  Continuing my never-ending obsession with all things Scientology, this is a great, in-depth glimpse into one of the world’s youngest and most controversial “religions”. Reitman gives the reader great insight into the motivations of L. Ron Hubbard. I can’t wait until I get further into the book and learn more about their most recent history. (paperback) Alison Doherty On Beauty by Zadie Smith: I’ve been meaning to read Zadie Smith for almost a decade, so when I saw this prominently displayed at a used book store I decided the time was now. The writing is so beautiful and specific I’m made at myself for waiting so long. (paperback) The Queen of the Tearling by Erika Johansen: This was highly recommended by a family member at Thanksgiving. I’m only two chapters in but feel completely immersed in this fantasy world. (paperback) Kelly Anderson Hag-Seed by Margaret Atwood: It seems to be my year for Shakespeare retellings. I just read Miranda and Caliban, which I very much enjoyed (out next month and you should totally check it out if this is your thing!), and this seemed like a good follow up. I am enjoying it so far- a bit different than your typical Atwood, but in a good way. The Privileges by Jonathan Dee: Nearly done with this. I’d heard such good things about the haunting, memorable, vivid first section. They weren’t wrong about that-its worth the price of admission to the whole book. The Bookshop by Penelope Fitzgerald: Fitzgerald has been on my list to try for a long time, and I found this at a used bookstore yesterday. It was serendipity! Time to settle in and check her out and see if she’s all that she’s been advertised to be! Rebecca Hussey Umami by Laia Jufresa: I’m nearing the end of this warm, moving novel of friendship, family, and food set in Mexico City. (ebook) Ines Bellina Negroland by Margo Jefferson:I was intrigued by the book after reading an interview with Jefferson, where she spoke openly about the pressures and tensions of being a black woman with a substantial degree of socioeconomic privilege. Negroland examines the world of upper-class African-Americans through both a critical, historical, and personal lens. It’s the kind of story I don’t often hear about and few people are usually exposed to. (Library hardcover) Kay Taylor Rea   Pretty Face by Lucy Parker: (Carina Press, February 20) Parker’s first novel, Act Like It, is my go-to recommendation for contemporary romance newbies and I jumped at the chance to get my hands on this standalone set in the same universe. The fulsome worldbuilding of Parker’s West End theater scene, wonderfully realized characters, and steamy romance are all amazing. (e-galley) Not Your Sidekick by CB Lee: (Duet Books) I’ve been hearing good things about this YA superhero novel and its bisexual Asian American protagonist, so I suggested it for my book club’s next read. I’m pretty tired of the first person POV that pervades most of the YA market right now, so I’m loving the third person present tense used here. (ebook) Tracy Shapley The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde: I’ve subscribed to about a billion book subscription boxes this year (that’s only a slight exaggeration) and I’ll only be reading books from said sub boxes this year. I’ll then be tracking various diversity elements of each of the sub boxes. The Picture of Dorian Gray was the January pick for Thrifty Books. For some reason I have been surprised so far by how clever this book is. (paperback) Difficult Women by Roxane Gay: This was the pick for My Lit Box and it is so fantastic that I’m dreading finishing it in about 15 pages. I love books that get to the quick of really painful, difficult subjects but I can be easily put off if that quick turns cloying or overly dramatic. Gay has a way of making me feel things deeply and then pulling me back right when I am on the verge of becoming overwhelmed. (hardcover) Claire Handscombe   Liccle Bit by Alex Wheaton:  Alex Wheaton is an undisputed star of the YA world in the UK thanks to his trilogy of novels set on a fictional inner-city London estate. He won the Guardian Children’s Author prize in 2016 for the second book in the series, and I was curious, so I’m starting at the beginning. And this book goes toward my British Books Challenge for 2017, too. Creativity and Feature Writing by Ellie Levenson:  This is the year I finally get to be a full-time writer, which means I need to get serious about my freelance journalism. This book is all about getting ideas, and it’s working: after I’d read five pages I brainstormed 30 potential pieces I can pitch. (Paperback.) Chelsea Hensley Tell Me Again How A Crush Should Feel by Sara Farizan: This one’s been recommended to me a bunch, and it was on sale for a time so I’m finally picking it up. (ebook) Archie Vol. 2  by Mark Waid: I’m prepping for the live-action Riverdale show premiering later this month so I’m sucking up all the Archie I can get (paperback) Ashley Bowen-Murphy The Codex by Lev Grossman: I am still reading books that use the Voynich Manuscript as a plot device. Picked this one up at my library and am slowly getting into it. (hardback) Dangerous Pregnancies: Mothers, Disabilities, and Abortion in Modern America by Leslie J. Reagan: Technically, I’m reading this history of the 1964 Rubella outbreak, reproductive rights, and disability activism for work. Honestly, though, I’d read it even if it wasn’t related to my job. (hardback) Jamie Moore Make Your Home Among Strangers by Jennine Capó Crucet: Currently reading this novel about a first generation Cuban American navigating the college experience while dealing with the pressures she faces at home. The Sellout by Paul Beatty: I was apprehensive about this text when I heard it was satire, but the praise is incredibly well deserved. Maddie Rodriguez Crosstalk by Connie Willis: I’m still working my way through the books I received as Christmas gifts (lucky me!). I didn’t get around to reading this one immediately after it came out and then foolishly put it on my Christmas list and thus was forbidden from buying it for myself. Finally, the wait is over! I’ve been a huge fan of basically every other novel Connie Willis has written so I’m sure I will love this romantic comedy that delves into issues of technology, empathy and way, way too much information. (hardcover) Peter Damien Letterman: The Last Giant of Late-Night by Jason Zinoman (Harper, April 11th: This is the second book in a row on Late Nite talk shows and their backstage politics that I’ve read (the first being The War for Late Night by Bill Carter). I’m a sucker for Hollywood books anyhow, but these are proving to be particularly addictive reads. I was never a huge Letterman fan (my Late Nite interest began and ended with Craig Ferguson), but this is an excellent book that paints a very compelling story about a complicated, not terribly pleasant person. (e-galley) Star Trek: Enterprise: Rise of the Federation: Uncertain Logic by Christopher L Bennett: you take what you get with Star Trek novels sometimes. They can be astonishingly well-written and compelling, or clunky as hell. This one falls somewhere in between. Still, it’s a fun book, and it’s scratching not only the endless Star Trek itch I possess, but also the Enterprise one which I’ve acquired over the past month, as I rewatch the show and recall yet again that it really was a lot better than people gave it credit for. If I have one complaint about this Trek novel, it’s that the type font appears to be mimeographed on the page, it’s so small. I’m all but using a magnifying glass to read it. (mass market paperback) Nikki DeMarco Big Magic by Elizabeth Gilbert: I just started this nonfiction on living a creative life, but I’m already feeling more inspired. I’ve heard amazing things about the podcast of the same name by Gilbert and thought I’d start with the book. It’s simple and true and putting a fire under the creative side of my life. I don’t think it’ll take me very long to finish and immediately start again.

Unit Conversion Example - Metric to English

This worked chemistry example problem demonstrates how to convert from metric units to English units. Problem Analysis of an air sample reveals that it contains 3.5 x 10-6 g/l of carbon monoxide. Express the concentration of carbon monoxide in lb/ft3. Solution Two conversions are required, one from grams to pounds using this conversion:1 lb 453.6 gand the other conversion, from liters to cubic feet, using this conversion:1 ft3 28.32 lThe conversion may be set up in this fashion:3.5 x 10-6 g/l x 1 lb / 453.6 g x 28.32 l / 1 ft3 0.22 x 10-6 lb/ft3 Answer 3.5 x 10-6 g/l of carbon monoxide is equal to 0.22 x 10-6 lb/ft3or, in scientific notation (standard exponential notation):3.5 x 10-6 g/l of carbon monoxide is equal to 2.2 x 10-7 lb/ft3

The Causes and Effects of a Recession Essay - 2728 Words

Average cost is total cost divided by total output at a specific point. For instance if 100 units are produced and total cost incurred is 200 then average cost of one unit would be 2/unit. Whereas Average revenue is calculated same as average cost however, instead of total cost we take total revenue. Marginal cost is cost of producing one additional unit of output or in other words a rise in total cost when output rises by one unit. Similarly marginal revenue is the rise in total revenue when output rises by one unit. For instance, if total revenue generated by 100 units is 200 and for 101 units it is 201, then marginal revenue would be 201-200=1. Output/Sales Volume Total Cost Total Revenue Marginal Cost Average Cost Marginal Revenue†¦show more content†¦It can also be seen that when the marginal cost is lower than the marginal revenue, profit is increased. When marginal cost is equal to the marginal revenue profit is maximized. After this point, when marginal cost is above the marginal revenue, profit starts to fall. Therefore, profit is maximized when MR=MC. In the above graph Y axis consists of amount whereas X axis represents level of output. It can be seen clearly that at output level of 8, MC=MR (two lines cross over here) which is the output where profit is maximized. Similarly as we extended the connector line above to get the price (average revenue) this is 23.5 as in the table above. Profit: When MC=MR, profit is 84 which is the highest possible amount in current circumstances. Possible Market Structure: It is clear from the above data that the firm is certainly not working under perfectly competitive market. In perfect competition, firm cannot afford to sell at lower price. If elasticity is calculated at different points, it can be seen that elasticity is decreasing from top to bottom but still the demand is very elastic. For instance at 9 units elasticity is 5 (in absolute terms) which is still much greater than 1 which means that it can be monopolistic competition or oligopolistic environment. But chances of monopoly are less because in monopoly demand is usually inelastic. However, to decide between oligopoly and monopolisticShow MoreRelatedThe Causes and Effects of Global Recession.3720 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION Here a definition a recession as well a global recession is mentioned. Some causes and effects has been listed. Due to recession occurring, I have identified the effects of recession based on Tesco. The causes and effects of global recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. 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Should young people work Free Essays

You will respect that person enough to finish your business with them, not argue, and not say disrespectful comments to them at all. With respect acquired as a personal attribute, the person will then have the self control to also put thought into what their parents have to tell them. This will allow them to listen to their parents and respect whatever their parents tell and ask them to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Should young people work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without always assuming the worst. This shows just how important it really is for a young person to acquire respect. Another reason why young people should be allowed to work is to gain their own personal money. When they work they can be more self dependent without always avian to ask and rely on their parents for everything they need. This will help them to save for things they need and want such as a car. This will allow the young person to go out with their parents and pick a car with a reasonable budget. This money they gain can also be used to save up for college. Some young people want to go to college but can’t. This is sometimes do to not having enough money and not wanting to owe back a hefty amount of student loans. This will allow them to help pay for college with the money they earn from working. This will also allow the young person to go out and have fun with their friends using the money that they have worked hard for. It is also a way for parents to save money. This will also stop a large amount of kids from resorting to illegal ways of trying to gain money. This will show them it pays off to work hard and make an honest way of living. Another point on why young people should work is to gain responsibility. This job will show the young person that they are the only one that can determine what occurs in their life. They will learn it is their responsibility to wake up on time or work, know what days they have to work, and make sure they go to work. This is just a way of showing that is all on the young person to maintain their life. If they do not go to work they will lose their job. It is just a way of showing no one can do your daily responsibilities for you. This is just a few examples of why young kids should work. It is also a good way of keeping the young person productive and not just out running around town. It takes away free time the young person could be making trouble. How to cite Should young people work, Essays

Hidden Confidence free essay sample

Ever since I was a little girl I have always been shy and unsociable. I have tried on many accounts to talk in front of a group of people. As I stood there shaking like a wet dog and twiddling my thumbs, failed to speak in front of the class. When I finished speaking I sighed with relief, and thanked god that I can relax. Whenever other students like me spoke with confidence to the class, an overwhelming jealousy welded up inside me. I thought to myself, how do they do that? Why don’t they get nervous? Since that day I knew that my lifetime goal was not to be afraid of being confident. Nothing seemed to work as time went by. Already being in high school my voice and body would still quiver when I got in front of my class. Finally, I realized a great way to become more open and confident. We will write a custom essay sample on Hidden Confidence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I thought to myself that maybe if I joined a program that would force me to speak to a large group of people. It would help with my self-confidence. Standing up I marched over to the teacher and said â€Å"I’m ready to join FCCLA†. Some part of me was all for the change, but the other part was terrified. I knew deep down that this would help me reach my goal. I stood there feet firmly planted on the floor with a big smile on my face. Not having a bad taste in my mouth, and confidence showing from my movement as I walked forward. Watching everyone else projecting their words and not feeling like a small person in a big room, helped motivate me to try it for myself. I want to do something more with my life. What good paying job does not require talking in front of someone? I hoped for quite some time now that I could get by without socially interacting with people. Growing up I realized that in order to get anywhere in this world you have to socialize. I picked this as my goal because it will haunt me for the rest of my life. I won’t have good working skills to even get a job. Its time I start to grow up and fix what is broken. If I live my life the way I have so far it would not be productive. I do know that reaching this goal is a challenging task for me, but I’m prepared to do anything I can to make this goal a reality. Knowing for a fact that I am ready. Confidently, I stood up with my back straight and presented my speech to the class. Prepared to face the challenges that life will throw my way, I stood confident. I need to have more faith in myself to succeed, and understand the techniques to get me to where I need to be.I intend to continue practice and learn more as time goes by. Hopefully, one day I will achieve my goal.

WZT Task 1 Essays - Health, Medicine, Nursing,

WZT Task 1 Amara Smallcombe A1. Article Bradley, S., Mott, S. (2010). Handover: Faster and safer? Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(1), 23-32. http://www.ajan.com.au/Vol30/Issue1/Bradley.pdf A2. Graphic Introduction Routinely, change of shift report in the hospital setting was given away from the patient in a designated area. In this article, the researchers set out to see if giving report at the bedside in front of the patient would be safer and, possibly, decrease the amount of time necessary to give report. Review of Literature I found several references, which were reputable, that showed the facts/ statistics during which time the research was completed. The info on satisfaction for the patients and the staff along with the info for safety was provided but I could not find any info relating to the economics or cost effectiveness. A period of 62 year was covered from 1947 to 2009; the earlier sources are indirectly related. I did not find any data which related to any adverse safety concerns while shift change report was being conducted elsewhere. But, I could see the inference which was made that adverse events decreased when switching to bedside report. Discussion of Methodology A mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. Three small hospitals with a group of 48 nurses were involved with solely giving report to the oncoming shift at the bedside. This was conducted in three stages. First, quantitative. This stage showed the amount of time it took to complete bedside report and if any adverse events regarding the patients had occurred. Second, ethnographic. This showed what kind of information was discussed during report and what kind of terminology was used. Last, interviews. This last stage would show what the nurses thought of it and if they liked it better than before, and if it was a quicker process from start to finish. These three things were done before and after initiation of the change. Data Analysis When a quantitative study is done, the researchers gather numerical data and examine it. This such data for this study was how long it took to give report before and after the change. A graph was made to show the differences. Qualitative data was collected from the nurses in interview format which showed that the nurses believed that giving report away from their patients was a challenge and took up a lot of time. There were graphs which showed this data comparing three sites. This showed a mixed model approach. Researcher's Conclusion The researcher came to the conclusion at the end of this research that showed that bedside shift change report took less time than giving report in another designated area away from the patient. There was no discussion, though, about how saving this time would be cost effective. It was also shown that a reduction in adverse events, which parallels the idea that bedside report leads to an increase in patient safety. More research needs to be completed to find out if this type of report is more accurate and if it leads to better communication. A3. Assessment of Evidence It was concluded that the researchers represented accuracy in their results. The purpose of this study was to show that giving report to the oncoming shift at the bedside would be quicker and more beneficial for the staff and for the patients. It was, also, the intentions of the researchers to show how this method would improve patient safety and save money for their facility. Another thing that the researchers wanted to display was the attitudes and perceptions of the staff relating to the process before and after the change in procedure. In review, the bedside method was quicker than giving report away from the patient. It is unfortunate, however, that no benefit of cost was equated while completing this study. At the conclusion of this study, it was shown that adverse events regarding patient safety decreased in number from 18 to seven signifying an increase in the safety involving patients. It was reported from all three sites that participated in this study had improve d on report duration. The researchers did acknowledge, however, that there were limitations in this study because of sample size and the

10 Important Events in the History of Latin America

10 Important Events in the History of Latin America Latin America has been always shaped by events as much as by people and leaders. In the long and turbulent history of the region, there were wars, assassinations, conquests, rebellions, crackdowns, and massacres. Which was the most important? These ten were selected based on international importance and effect on the population. It is impossible to rank them on importance, so they are listed in chronological order. 1. Papal Bull Inter Caetera and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493–1494) Many people do not know that when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas, they already legally belonged to Portugal. According to previous papal bulls of the 15th century, Portugal held claim to any and all undiscovered lands west of a certain longitude. After Columbus return, both Spain and Portugal laid claims to the new lands, forcing the pope to sort things out. Pope Alexander VI issued the bull Inter Caetera in 1493, declaring that Spain owned all new lands west of a line 100 leagues (about 300 miles) from the Cape Verde Islands. Portugal, not pleased with the verdict, pressed the issue and the two nations ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which established the line at 370 leagues from the islands. This treaty essentially ceded Brazil to the Portuguese while keeping the rest of the New World for Spain, therefore laying the framework for the modern demographics of Latin America. 2. The Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires (1519–1533) After the New World was discovered, Spain soon realized that it was an incredibly valuable resource that should be pacified and colonized. Only two things stood in their way: the mighty Empires of the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru, who would have to be defeated in order to establish rule over the newly-discovered lands. Ruthless conquistadores under the command of Hernn Cortà ©s in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro in Peru accomplished just that, paving the way for centuries of Spanish rule and enslavement and marginalization of New World natives. 3.  Independence from Spain and Portugal (1806–1898) Using the Napoleonic invasion of Spain as an excuse, most of Latin America declared independence from Spain in 1810. By 1825, Mexico, Central  America, and South America were free, soon to be followed by Brazil. Spanish rule in the Americas ended in 1898 when they lost their final colonies to the United States following the Spanish-American War. With Spain and Portugal out of the picture, the young American republics were free to find their own way, a process that was always difficult and often bloody. 4.  The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) Still smarting from the loss of Texas a decade before, Mexico went to war with the United States in 1846 after a series of skirmishes on the border. The Americans invaded Mexico on two fronts and captured Mexico City in May of 1848. As devastating as the war was for Mexico, the peace was worse. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming to the United States in exchange for $15 million and forgiveness of about $3 million more in debts. 5. The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) The most devastating war ever fought in South America, the War of the Triple Alliance pitted Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil against Paraguay. When Uruguay was attacked by Brazil and Argentina in late 1864, Paraguay came to its aid and attacked Brazil. Ironically, Uruguay, then under a different president, switched sides and fought against its former ally. By the time the war was over, hundreds of thousands had died and Paraguay was in ruins. It would take decades for the nation to recover. 6. The War of the Pacific (1879–1884) In 1879, Chile and Bolivia went to war after spending decades bickering over a border dispute. Peru, which had a military alliance with Bolivia, was drawn into the war as well. After a series of major battles at sea and on land, the Chileans were victorious. By 1881 the Chilean army had captured Lima and by 1884 Bolivia signed a truce. As a result of the war, Chile gained the disputed coastal province once and for all, leaving Bolivia landlocked, and also gained the province of Arica from Peru. The Peruvian and Bolivian nations were devastated, needing years to recover. 7.  The Construction of the Panama Canal (1881–1893, 1904–1914) The completion of the  Panama Canal  by Americans in 1914 marked the end of a remarkable and ambitious feat of engineering. The results have been felt ever since, as the canal has drastically changed worldwide shipping. Less known are the political consequences of the canal, including the  secession  of Panama from Colombia (with the encouragement of the United States) and the profound effect the canal has had on the internal reality of Panama ever since. 8.  The Mexican Revolution (1911–1920) A revolution of impoverished peasants against an entrenched wealthy class, the Mexican Revolution shook the world and forever altered the trajectory of Mexican politics. It was a bloody war, which included horrific battles,  massacres, and assassinations. The  Mexican Revolution  officially ended in 1920 when Alvaro Obregà ³n became the last general standing after years of conflict, although the fighting continued for another decade. As a result of the revolution, land reform finally took place in Mexico, and the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), the political party that rose from the rebellion, stayed in power until the 1990s. 9.  The Cuban Revolution  (1953–1959) When  Fidel Castro, his brother  Raà ºl  and a ragged band of followers  attacked the barracks at Moncada  in 1953, they may not have known they were taking the first step to one of the most significant revolutions of all time. With the promise of economic equality for all, the rebellion grew until 1959, when Cuban President  Fulgencio Batista  fled the country and victorious rebels filled the streets of Havana. Castro established a communist regime, building close ties  with  the Soviet Union, and stubbornly defied every attempt the  United States  could think of to remove him from power. Ever  since  that time, Cuba has either been a festering sore of totalitarianism in an increasingly democratic  world  or a beacon of hope for all anti-imperialists, depending on your point of view. 10. Operation Condor (1975–1983) In the mid-1970s, the governments of the southern cone of  South America- Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,  Bolivia, and Uruguay- had several things in common. They were ruled by conservative regimes, either dictators or military juntas, and they had a growing problem with opposition forces and dissidents.  They, therefore,  established Operation Condor, a collaborative effort to round up and kill or otherwise silence their enemies. By the time it ended, thousands were dead or missing and the trust of South Americans in their leaders was forever shattered. Although new facts come out occasionally and some of the worst perpetrators have been brought to justice, there are still many questions about this sinister operation and those behind it. Sources and Further Reading Gilbert, Michael Joseph, Catherine LeGrand, and Ricardo Donato Salvatore. Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1988.LaRosa, Michael and German R. Mejia. An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2018.Moya, Jose C. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Weber, David J., and Jane M. Rausch. Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 1994.

The manufacturing of a Premount Base Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The manufacturing of a Premount Base - Essay Example The manufacturing process was aligned and synchronised after the launch of Computer Numerical Control. The performance and machining characteristics of the Computer Numerical Control is consistent, and possibility of production or machining error is minimal. The human error has previously consumed significant effort and time, and in cases have been cause of production downtime. The evolution of the Computer Numerical Control is in compliance with the quality standards. The material for the fabrication of pre-mounting base shall be inspected through several non-destructive techniques to verify its compliance against standard, and strength. The metal identification of the job piece is important; the identification of the metal constituents through metal identification shall conform to the description provided by the vendor. This test shall be followed by hardness measurement; the hardness of the job piece shall be within the range as described in ASTM standards. The dye penetrant test of the job piece is recommended to verify the possibility of existence of external cracks on the job piece; it is strongly recommended that the cracked job piece shall be rejected. The ultra-sonic flaw detection shall be conducted; the test will verify the existence of internal flaws of the job piece. Beside ultra-sonic flaw detection, another recommended technique shall be eddy-current testing. The machining process for the pre-mounting base is simple. The job piece after certain inspection and quality checks should be placed on the lathe machine for trimming. It is important that the job piece shall be not greater than 2mm from the maximum required length. The quality of the cutting tools has to be ensured and maintained. The lathe machine shall be suitable for this job. The fabrication of the pre-mounting base requires essentially straight machining. After machining, the drilling of holes at specified

Teaching Of Primary Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teaching Of Primary Science - Essay Example It also provides examples of schools that have experimented context-based teaching in science in classrooms, and a curricular example that teachers can modify to increase student understanding of any curricular area. Finally, it provides online resources and a podcast that provide teachers with additional ideas for making their lessons more interesting and engaging, empowering, and enlightening classrooms. There have been many studies that indicate context-based approach is essential in order for student learning to take place. Research reveals that teaching Strategies are necessary in schools for teachers to effectively increase student achievement. The focus of this research study is to examine effects of context-based approaches in teaching science in Classroom. The review of literature will look at several factors related to teaching strategies. Those factors include the Traditional view of teaching science, problematic questions that arise in this research, importance of context-based teaching, in classroom. ... Context-based approaches to teaching science in primary school have become widely used over the past two decades. They aspire to foster more positive attitudes to science while, at the same time, provide a sound basis of scientific understanding for further study. One of the most distinct trends of the last two decades in science curriculum development across a number of countries has been to use contexts and applications of science as a means of developing scientific understanding. Teaching in this way is often described as adopting a context-based approach. The trend toward the use of context-based approaches is apparent across the whole age spectrum from primary through to university level, but is most noticeable in materials developed for use in the secondary age range. Traditional Teaching Style of Science Over the last two decades reports have traced students' increasingly negative attitudes to Science in Australia over the primary years of schooling, and the associated decrease in student participation in post-compulsory science (Goodrum, Hackling, & Rennie, 2001; Tytler, 2007). This decline in interest in Science in the early years of primary education is of particular concern, since it is in these years that attitudes to the pursuit of science subjects and careers are formed (Speering & Rennie, 1996). A number of studies have explicitly linked this decline in student interest with the nature of the traditional science curriculum and its inability to make science meaningful and interesting to students (Fensham, 2004; Lyons, 2006). By making Science more relevant to a broader audience we can prepare prospective science degree students and professionals, as well as

The Management Of Pizza Hut Incorporates Commerce Essay

The Management Of Pizza Hut Incorporates Commerce Essay This report on analysis of management of Pizza Hut would not have been possible without the kind support and help of the management. We take this opportunity to express a deep sense of our gratitude to all of them for their cordial support, valuable information and guidance, which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We also take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to our Instructor and Mentor Ms. Shagufta Rafif for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this report.   Table of Contents SCOPE OF THE REPORT This report on the management of Pizza Hut incorporates and analyzes different aspects of planning, organizing, influencing and controlling. Where necessary, the distinctive areas have been examined with the support of different management tools, models and techniques. The report also evaluates growing trends in the restaurant business with special focus on the challenges Pizza Hut is faced with. It also assesses the strengths of the business and how it has been able to survive in this recessionary era, where many restaurant businesses are making heavy losses. A special focus has also been given on the goals setting, goals congruence and the management approaches to address the growing market competition. Staff retention, professionalization and their well being has also been critically evaluated in this report with bringing to light the areas, where the staff input, ownership and empowerment have been accepted and given due weightage. Products sustainability with special promotions and usage of other medium for marketing has also found space in this report to highlight potentials threats and hidden opportunities available to Pizza Hut management in this sector. Underpinning the supply chain and contribution to the society as a whole by the management of Pizza Hut has also been focused. MISSION STATEMENT Though making pizzas and selling them is our business, however we always feel proud to make a perfect pizza. We also emphasis in provide caring and useful services to our customers so that when they go out, they always wish to come back. Our staff members are also proud of having us as their employers. They would prefer to work with us rather than joining any other organization. The reasons being simple, we look for their well being, provide them with opportunities for their development and they are rewarded in great manner making them feel honored and privileged. While taking care of all above things, we are also mindful of the value we add to our shareholders, who place their confidence in our competencies of making profits. VISION OF PIZZA HUT We never believe in mediocrity. We believe that in this highly competitive market, only those survive which produce everything that is best. Best not only in terms of product, but best in terms of quality of services provided, the best in terms of the environment and ambience of the restaurants, the best in terms of business, the best in terms of network and franchise and above all the best for all those who tend to visit our restaurants. Pizza Hut logo.svg EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ever since the industrialization began, many businesses have seen ups and downs. There has been history of many products making their way to the consumers home through markets and fading overtime with the invention of new technology or becoming extinct for other reasons. The food industry and restaurant business also saw this upheaval in the last century. However, in last few decades, this business has seen a tremendous rise with many world famous brand restaurants mushrooming the big and small cities of the world. During that era of prosperity, Pizza Hut was established by PepsiCo in 1977, an American chain. The company owned it till 1997, when it was sold to Yum! Brands, Inc., which also owns the restaurant chains of KFC and Taco Bell. As per latest report, there are 6,000 Pizza Hut restaurants in the United States, whereas, 5,150 restaurants are in other countries of the world. In Karachi, the company has 21 restaurants, whereas, there are another 20 restaurants in other cities of Pakistan, bringing the total numbers to 41. Pizza Hut, as its name suggests is popular for selling Pizza of different flavors (Chicken Tikka flavor is Pakistans most demanded product), however , alongside pizza, it also sells Pastas, Salad, Chicken Wings, Breadsticks, Garlic Bread and Beverages. There are different formats adopted for the restaurants designs. We can find a restaurant where all varieties are available with options of dine in, take away or home delivery. However, in our own city, we can find some outlets just offering take away options. In these outlets, we may not find all the varieties due to limited space and staff. As mentioned above, the Pizza Hut owning company also has KFC and Taco Bell, so in some parts of the world (not in Pakistan), these sibling restaurants are co-located. We can find Pizza Hut restaurants in middle class even in lower class localities. They can be found in college campuses, food courts of shopping malls and some big stores like Target and Walmart. Yum! Brands has been frontrunner in fulfilling its social responsibilities. It has invested in many educational, social and health sectors, thus playing its part in reducing poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy in the world. It has also established Yum Foundation, through which many donor funded programs are undertaken. The group is not oblivious of its responsibilities of providing pollution free environment and has given it due importance and emphasis by devoting financial resources. In Pakistan, the franchiser of Pizza Hut invests in education sector of the country. In previous year floods, the franchiser not only provided donation to the affected people but allowed to use its outlets for donation collection. Many times, the Edhi Foundation has also used Pizza Hut restaurants for collecting donation. The board of Directors of Yum! Brands has an unambiguous policy of designing their restaurants in such a manner that they not only ensure environment sustainability but proving to be a source of income generation of other small traders of the area and vicinity. In restaurant business, the customers are always king and every effort is made at Pizza Hut to satisfy the customer requirements and the complaints are addressed on the spot. Apart from customer satisfaction, Pizza Hut is also a proud employer of thousands of employees in Pakistan and across the globe. It has always invested in developing professional skills of their staff and has given honor and dignity to them, which is perhaps not available in small restaurant businesses. We can see the way employees of small restaurants are treated and the remuneration they receive in exchange of their services. The employees of Pizza Hut feel proud becoming part of an International chain, which has inculcated teamwork and responsibility in them to strive for better services and thus in end getting satisfied customers, willing to come again and again. Pizza Hut has contributed greatly in shape of taxes to the government. It has provided jobs to thousands of employees and suppliers, who provide food related materials to these restaurants on a daily basis. The presence of these restaurants in different parts of the city and country ensures that small suppliers like chicken merchants, vegetable sellers have become partner in the business, which creates more jobs and opportunities for these businesses. It contributes to the supply chain in a greater way with sustainability of the systems at forefront. Pizza Hut has maintained high ethical standards and has never compromised on quality materials being used in its various products and quality services being provided to the customers. It is also mindful of its responsibilities to the shareholders and follows good corporate governance policies which endure lasting impacts on the society in which it operates. PLANNING Planning is the process of determining how the system will achieve its objectives. It is the systematic development of action, program aimed at reaching agreed business objectives by the process of analyzing, evaluating and selecting among the opportunities which are foreseen. While making plans the management of PIZZA HUT has been cognizant of their missions, goals, strategies, policies etc. as elaborated below. PIZZA HUT OBJECTIVES IN PLANNING Making perfect pizza Provision of courteous and helpful services to the customers Offering opportunities to growth, advancement and rewarding careers in a fun safe working environment. Working for profit maximization. Providing the shareholders with value growth The major objective of Pizza Hut is to achieve customer satisfaction which can be made possible by achieving the objectives of the company. If the company is successful in achieving its objectives, they will themselves make their customers pleased and satisfied. As the key product of Pizza Hut is pizza, the first and foremost objective of Pizza Hut is to make a perfect pizza and manage to achieve customer satisfaction. Pizza Hut has always strived hard to provide people with such meals that they find irresistible and which are allowed in their religions and cultures. Time to time new deals are being offered to the customers to achieve customer satisfaction Demographics are always kept in mind before experimenting with a new kind of pizza, as it is the people who have to like the product and help the company in increasing their sales. The second objective of Pizza Hut is to provide courteous and valuable services to its customers. Pizza Hut ensures that their staff is trained enough to know how to treat their customers. They are trained to be friendly and well mannered. If a customer complaint is received, the staff is always told to believe in whatever the customer says and then solve the problem accordingly. Doing this makes the customer delighted by the services that are provided to them, wanting them to come to Pizza Hut the next time as well. If one customer is satisfied that one will bring hundred customers along with him and if one is dissatisfied that one will take away hundred customers. Briefing sessions are also held each day in which the staff members are given briefing about what they did well in the whole day and what are the things that they need to improve. The objectives and the strategies to reach those objectives are also told to them each day, to make them work accordingly. Third objective of Pizza Hut is to provide its staff member opportunities for progress and development together with a secure working environment. In-house training sessions are also organized for the staff members. The staff also sees their career path and growth within the organization and they also put all their energies in making organization possible to achieve its targets. Since goals achieved by the organization will finally result in growth of the staff as well. Although, we can see slumps in many industries but food industry is probably the only industry which has seen growth in recession period and is flourishing. This is all because of the dedication and sincerity of the staffs, who are encouraged and kept motivated. A safe and healthy working environment is also provided to them to make sure that they are happy enough to ensure the companys progress, as if the employees are happy with what is provided to them they will always work hard to achieve the objectives of the com pany. In order to make them happy, they are given incentives such as bonuses, meals, cash rewards etc as well. The fourth objective of Pizza Hut is profit maximization and giving their stakeholders (government, owners, customers, supplier, employees etc) significant growth. The Company does all the things mentioned above in order to maximize their profit and make their market standing better. Attaining all these objectives and making the customers satisfied will make the company earn profits. The fifth and final objective is to provide value growth to its shareholders. If a company is making profit, the ultimate gainers are its shareholders alongside the community in which it operates and similar is true for Pizza Hut. Many of its restaurants across the city and country are making a sizeable profit, which is adding value growth to its shareholders, who have reposed confidence in the corporate governance of Pizza Hut. MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVE (MBO) IN PIZZA HUT Management by Objectives refers to the mutual agreement of managers and subordinates over companys objectives. In a given time, it is expected the objectives to be achieved and those who have contributed greatly in the attainment of these objectives, should be rewarded. In Pizza Hut weekly meetings of the managers are held on a regular basis and sub ordinates are also invited in the meeting to give their input and feedback of the outcomes of previous meetings. The plans and other modus operandi are discussed for implementation and they are monitored on a daily basis. The suggestions and observations of the staff, mainly the Front of House staff, are highly appreciated. The staff is encouraged to put forward their suggestions for the improvement of services being provided and the food being served. Moreover if the staff members perform well in achieving the objectives, they are rewarded with recognition, cash rewards, bonuses etc. Pizza Hut gives them recognition by announcing employe e of the week. The picture of that employee is sent to the area and regional offices which helps in making a good image of the employee in front of the senior staff. As the decisions regarding the goals of the company are made by both managers and subordinates by stating ideas which are later listed and evaluated, thus, we can say that the strategy that Pizza Hut uses for making decisions is Brainstorming. Internal Environmental Scanning Pizza Hut has grown into a stature of big restaurant chain in a very short period of time. Proper planning, monitoring, ensuring availability of adequate resources, timely corrective measures and quality food services have contributed greatly to its rise in already very competitive market. Strength The Pizza Hut brand is widely known all over the world and has its outlets in many countries. The market standing of Pizza Hut is very high. Whenever a person thinks of eating pizza, Pizza Hut is the first name that comes into ones mind. The greatest strength of Pizza Hut comes from inside. The highly skilled labor is professionally trained with emphasis on quality services. Detailed job descriptions of the staff, career growth ladder, top down goals attainment policy of the management and governance are a few of the contributing factors in the success story of Pizza Hut. Needless to mention the main focus has always been customer satisfaction. The management always strives to do whatever is possible so that when the customers go out they not only are satisfied with the food, environment, services etc but they become Pizza Huts ambassadors and recommend others to their products. In-house training sessions are organized for the staff members. They are kept informed about different achievements through news bulletin. High performers are rewarded every month and their names and designations are considered for special increments and promotions. There are many ways of rewarding front of house (FOH) staff members like giving them cash rewards, free meals or deploying them on hot tables where customers prefer to sit more likely. Pizza Hut has played its due role with respect to CSR. Ensuring pollution free environment, contributing to the communities and societies in the projects of education, health and taking part in alleviating poverty in the areas, where they operate, are some of the achievements, Pizza Hut is proud of. Being an international brand they also have strong financial resources as the materials used by Pizza Hut in making pizza are not local, as used by other pizza making companies. As Pizza Hut is a multinational company and the materials that it uses comes from outside Pakistan and is fresh and healthy for its customers. Pizza Hut also offers free home delivery together with online delivery for its customers who wish to consume pizzas at their own place. Due to this the people who dont want to go out for dine-in can have pizzas from Pizza Hut, rather than opting for some other restaurant, within 30 minutes free of the costs of home delivery. Although Pizza Hut is famous for pizzas, however, it also offers desserts, beverages, salads, pastas etc. for its customers. Other than that it has a variety of flavors in pizzas as well. Some flavors that it puts forward are seasonal like Double Masti, whereas some continue throughout the year. Weakness No company can be perfect or remain perfect vis-à  -vis its goals and objectives. As the goals evolve so do the companies as the time passes by. Pizza Hut has also experienced slums in its business due to following weaker policies. In Pakistan, where local restaurants have also entered into the pizza selling business with much cheaper prices and with more varieties, Pizza Hut has stuck to its prices robustly and offers very limited promotional deals to its customers. As a result, in many areas after making huge losses, it had to close its outlets only to move to more posh areas. Although, there are varieties of other items available for sale in Pizza Hut restaurants, however, the hot selling item is pizzas and salads. Despite best efforts and reward policy to its staff, the management has not been able to increase the sales of pastas, desserts and beverages. External Environmental Scanning Opportunities Unlike local restaurant businesses, due to its global presence, Pizza Hut has always got edge over other local and international restaurants chains. It has got thousands of restaurants around the world, serving millions of customers every day with same variety of food. This hallmark of Pizza Hut, no matter which locality, city or country it is located, the quality of food and the ambience of the restaurant is always fascinating and captivating. The aroma which comes out of the serving food has no match with other pizza selling restaurants. This uniqueness of Pizza Hut has always found it most demanding restaurant when it comes to eating pizzas. Threats Like all businesses, Pizza Hut is threatened with the arrival of other competitors. The competitors not only offer products cheaper in prices but the quality of the products has also been up to the mark. Another area which poses challenges to Pizza Hut is law order situation of the city particularly and the country generally. The sectarian violence has affected the revenue of Pizza Hut greatly and its restaurants, which are located in middle class localities and are the worst sufferers. Pizza Hut also focuses on PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) to check the demographics based on which they can decide which product should be given more emphasis and which deal should be discontinued. PEST (POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL) POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT The worsening law order situation in the city particularly and the country generally has greatly affected all businesses and Pizza Hut is no exception. Sectarian clashes, bomb blasts and strikes have all played their role in declining revenue for Pizza Hut. Many restaurants of Pizza Hut, which are in sensitive localities have registered poor financial results mainly due to less number of customers visiting them, late night deals are rendered of no use and even due to lack of transport, the staff members cannot reach their restaurants. Due to poor law order situation, the customers prefer to have home delivery, however, the city situation again becomes hindrance and delivery staff find it difficult to reach the customers homes. ECONOMICAL ENVIRONMENT If a country is developed than its economy will be good and the per capita income of the people will be high. As a result people will spend more money on food items and other products. In our study we came to know that since the products of Pizza Hut are comparatively expensive, people of average income occasionally visit their restaurants. Further, due to ever growing popularity of pizza among the Pakistani people, more international and local chains of restaurants have opened these services like Pizza Point, Pizza Next, Pizza One, Largesse etc. and are available on very cheaper prices. Although quality of the ingredients used by other competitors is debatable however because of low prices, they have given tough competition to Pizza Hut. The management of Pizza Hut is aware of this and has taken measures to counter them by offering deals and midnight packages. They also sell pizza coupons offering economical deals with buy one get one free options. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT The management of Pizza Hut is also mindful of social environment of our country. Every person has his own value, religion, belief which is always dear to him. While offering services to its valued customers, Pizza Hut has always taken note of it and has desisted from offering such services which may offend or hurt the feelings of their customers whether they be religious, cultural or any other. Demography of the population in which the restaurants operate is also very important, like in Pakistan, chicken tikka flavor is very popular since people like to dine out for barbeque and if that flavor is available in pizza or burgers, people love to give them a try. Pizza Hut has managed itself very well in this respect and has assimilated itself quickly in the Pakistani culture. Before opening a restaurant, a thorough survey is undertaken to identify the demography of the population living in the area, income bracket in which it falls, eating habits and how frequently they go out for dinin g and which dishes they usually prefer for dine-outs. Based on the results and final conclusion, a decision is taken for opening of restaurant or otherwise. TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Like the effectiveness of technology in other areas, it has a great impact on the Pizza Hut running. It has state of the art equipment like baking ovens, IT devices etc. It is ensured that an order placed at any restaurant does not take more than 20 minutes to be served for dine-in and 30 minutes for home delivery. In some selected areas, an online service for ordering pizza has also started and yielding good results for the management. Business Portfolio Analysis Star (Pizza Salad) Question Mark (Drinks) Cash Cow (Sides Desserts) Dogs (Pasta) High Market Growth Low High Relative Market Share Low Star: Star is the position where the market growth and the market share of a product are high. In case of Pizza Hut, pizza and salad are at this position. They both have a good market standing and their demand has highly increased within no time. Pizza Hut offers pizzas of different flavors preferred by a lot of people, whereas salads are also popular among people and are consumed in the time when they are waiting for their main courses to be served. Cash Cows: Cash Cow is the ideal position where the market share of a product is high but its market growth is low. Sides and desserts of Pizza Hut have a high share but are not preferred by a lot of people. They are not popular among masses, however, as they have a good market share; growth is possible by making a few changes and modifying the products according to the needs of the customers Question Mark: Question Mark is the position where the market growth of a product is high but its market share is low. Beverages offered in Pizza Hut most appropriately fit in this position as they are preferred by people when offered to them as part of a deal but otherwise they are not the ideal choice of the customers who come to Pizza Hut. The sales of these items can be increased by increasing their market share. Dog: Dog is the position where both the market share and market growth of a product are low. Pastas offered by Pizza Hut very much fit into this position as Pizza Hut does not offer large variety of pastas, nor does it invest large capital to improve its product. In order to make the sales of pastas high, Pizza Hut should divert some of its revenue generated from pizzas and salads towards pastas and present larger varieties of it, thereby increasing its market share which will result in its growth as well. INCREASING THE SALES OF A PRODUCT Pizza Hut encourages its workers to increase the sales of those products which are not doing good business by giving them duty at the hot tables as a reward. These are the tables where the customers are most likely to sit. It even gives cash reward to the staff who works hard in increasing the sales of such product. The staff members are given salary bonuses as well for accomplishing this task. Product cycle Every product goes through at least five phases of its evolution. First phase is called introduction phase, where the product is produced and marketed for consumption. This introduction phase is always important. If the product gets approval of the consumers, it goes through second phase of growth. Which means since the demand is increasing the supply will increase which will result in growth of the product. In third phase the very same product reaches at maturity level. Every producer wants to see his product reaching this level, as at this level the profit maximization is very high and product becomes a star for the manufacturer. After this level the product goes through saturation phase. At this stage most of the consumers would have used this product and hence it reaches at a saturation level. It also implies that further demand for the product is not possible due to various reasons. No manufacturer or producer will want its product to reach at this phase. In order to defend the product reaching this stage, they bring in innovations in the product and if this is not possible then they introduce another product, which again start the cycle as mentioned above. After saturation phase, the products decline starts and it is considered as dogs according to business portfolio analysis. Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline Introduction One of recently introduced products PZone can be put at introduction stage. The demand for the product at this time is very low, however, the management of Pizza Hut is very optimistic about the product gaining popularity in the coming days. Growth Recently, Pizza Hut management has also focused on increasing the sale of its sides desserts. They have also made it part of their promotional deals like garlic bread is now available with many deals. They are expecting that this will increase the sales of sides and desserts in a big way and thus their profitability margin. Maturity Pizzas of different varieties and salads are their most selling items and can easily be plotted at maturity phase. The management of Pizza Hut is continuously striving to keep this product at this stage for all the time, because this is the most revenue generating item and if this fails, the company will fail itself. Saturation Drinks can be plotted at saturation stage, since a very few customers buy drinks. Drinks are part of many deals and one does not feel need to buy extra drinks while dinning in. Decline Sale of pasta can be described as reaching decline stage. Rarely a customer comes who demands for pasta. Although many efforts at Pizza Hut are made to increase the sale of pasta, however, it seems that this product has reached its decline stage and may not stage a comeback. The management will need to introduce another product similar to pasta to attract customers. ORGANIZING Followed by planning, the organizing is the second most important function of management system. It is a function in which the combinations of human, physical and financial resources all bring to gather the desired results. They all are equally important and absence of anyone can put adverse effects on the results. According to Chester Bernand, Organizing is a function by which the concern is able to define the role of positions, the jobs related and the co-ordination between authority and responsibility. Organizing function is performed by following steps: Identification of activities Departmentally organizing the activities Classifying the authority Coordinating authority and responsibility relationships Importance Organizing plays an important and central role in management system. In organizing process, it is the manager who uses his skills to utilize the organizational resources efficiently. Primary mechanism managers use to activate plans Maintains relationship between all organizational resources. Division of work Growth and diversification Sense of security Establish formal lines of authority The things are executed by different managers. All these managers ensure that whatever work is being done in the company is to achieve the companys objectives. Organizing at Pizza Hut As Pizza Hut is a multi-national company, it has to focus more on organizing. At Pizza Hut, management organizes all its resources in order to implement the course of action it determines in the planning process. Through the process of getting organized, the management determines the internal organizational structure; establishes and maintains relationships and allocates necessary resources. Organizational Structure Pizza Hut has built an integrated executive-level structure and process to assess, guide and oversee Pizza Huts worldwide activities. The company is engaged in a number of internal and external stakeholders along the way and will continue to engage additional stakeholders as the company moves forward in the journey. Pizza Hut will continue to refine their structure as needed, as well as the ways in which Pizza Hut measures progress against the objectives, to enhance their capabilities and effectiveness. According to the Organization Chart of the company, there is Restaurant Support Centre under which comes departments like HR, Marketing, Finance and Property and Field Operations, which runs the restaurants. Departmentalization Role of Human Resource The Human Resource department deals with the management within the organization. There are number of responsibilities that the HR department has to deal with. At first, the HR department of Pizza Hut is responsible for hiring members of staff which will involve attracting more employees, assigning them their positions and ensuring that the employees will perform the task. HR department of Pizza Hut is also responsible for organizing the people in entire company and also sets the day to day goals for the organization. Role of Marketing Department The role of Marketing Department of Pizza H